ssh

SSH Skill

Use SSH for secure remote access, file transfers, and tunneling.

Basic Connection

Connect to server:

ssh user@hostname

Connect on specific port:

ssh -p 2222 user@hostname

Connect with specific identity:

ssh -i ~/.ssh/my_key user@hostname

SSH Config

Config file location:

~/.ssh/config

Example config entry:

Host myserver
    HostName 192.168.1.100
    User deploy
    Port 22
    IdentityFile ~/.ssh/myserver_key
    ForwardAgent yes

Then connect with just:

ssh myserver

Running Remote Commands

Execute single command:

ssh user@host "ls -la /var/log"

Execute multiple commands:

ssh user@host "cd /app && git pull && pm2 restart all"

Run with pseudo-terminal (for interactive):

ssh -t user@host "htop"

File Transfer with SCP

Copy file to remote:

scp local.txt user@host:/remote/path/

Copy file from remote:

scp user@host:/remote/file.txt ./local/

Copy directory recursively:

scp -r ./local_dir user@host:/remote/path/

File Transfer with rsync (preferred)

Sync directory to remote:

rsync -avz ./local/ user@host:/remote/path/

Sync from remote:

rsync -avz user@host:/remote/path/ ./local/

With progress and compression:

rsync -avzP ./local/ user@host:/remote/path/

Dry run first:

rsync -avzn ./local/ user@host:/remote/path/

Port Forwarding (Tunnels)

Local forward (access remote service locally):

ssh -L 8080:localhost:80 user@host
# Now localhost:8080 connects to host's port 80

Local forward to another host:

ssh -L 5432:db-server:5432 user@jumphost
# Access db-server:5432 via localhost:5432

Remote forward (expose local service to remote):

ssh -R 9000:localhost:3000 user@host
# Remote's port 9000 connects to your local 3000

Dynamic SOCKS proxy:

ssh -D 1080 user@host
# Use localhost:1080 as SOCKS5 proxy

Jump Hosts / Bastion

Connect through jump host:

ssh -J jumphost user@internal-server

Multiple jumps:

ssh -J jump1,jump2 user@internal-server

In config file:

Host internal
    HostName 10.0.0.50
    User deploy
    ProxyJump bastion

Key Management

Generate new key (Ed25519, recommended):

ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "your_email@example.com"

Generate RSA key (legacy compatibility):

ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "your_email@example.com"

Copy public key to server:

ssh-copy-id user@host

Copy specific key:

ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/mykey.pub user@host

SSH Agent

Start agent:

eval "$(ssh-agent -s)"

Add key to agent:

ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_ed25519

Add with macOS keychain:

ssh-add --apple-use-keychain ~/.ssh/id_ed25519

List loaded keys:

ssh-add -l

Multiplexing (Connection Sharing)

In ~/.ssh/config:

Host *
    ControlMaster auto
    ControlPath ~/.ssh/sockets/%r@%h-%p
    ControlPersist 600

Create socket directory:

mkdir -p ~/.ssh/sockets

Known Hosts

Remove old host key:

ssh-keygen -R hostname

Scan and add host key:

ssh-keyscan hostname >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts

Debugging

Verbose output:

ssh -v user@host

Very verbose:

ssh -vv user@host

Maximum verbosity:

ssh -vvv user@host

Security Tips

• Use Ed25519 keys (faster, more secure than RSA)
• Set PasswordAuthentication no on servers
• Use fail2ban on servers to block brute force
• Keep keys encrypted with passphrases
• Use ssh-agent to avoid typing passphrase repeatedly
• Restrict key usage with command= in authorized_keys